meningitis and foetal death) with a case-fatality rate ranging from 20% to 50%. An opportunistic, gram positive, food-borne pathogen named L. monocytogenes are universally distributed throughout the natural environment and is also present in many animals and plants. Its omnipresent distribution and psychrotrophic aspect allows the pathogen to persist and develop in different types of refrigerated ready-to-eat products (RTE). The augmentation of the RTE products use (which do not require cooking before consumption and has an increased shelf- life at refrigerated temperatures), determines the pervasiveness of Listeria spp. Mainly the species Listeria monocytogenes is found in the RTE foods and because of the susceptibility of a large population, there is an increase in listeriosis in European countries. In pre-treatment processing plants, Listeria monocyotogenes pathogen can be controlled in ready to eat products by detecting the species using different selective culture media. Both Listeria selective agar and PALCAM agar showed low sensitivity and specificity for L. monocytogenes compared to CHROM agar. In this review we will discuss about the pre-treatment processing and control of Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat products.

Arsenic toxicity is a global problem and its exposure causes several diseases. Arsenic exists in less toxic pentavalent form and more toxic trivalent form. Arsenic-induced oxidative stress is well known and it even causes the death of adult Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). In the present study, we have investigated the effects of less toxic pentavalent arsenate on the first development stage i.e. L1 larva of wild-type C. elegans. To see the toxicity of arsenate, synchronized L1 larvae were exposed to different concentrations of arsenate i.e. 0.75 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, 3 mg/L and 6 mg/L at 170C for 24 hours. Further, live larvae were counted. Our results showed the survival percentage of arsenate treated L1 larvae at 0.75 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L were 53.85 ± 8.52 and 4.67 ± 1.83 respectively. However, at higher concentrations (3 mg/L and 6 mg/L) all L1 stage larvae died. In the control study 94.18 ± 2.06 percentage, L1 larvae were survived. They appeared to be more sensitive to arsenate toxicity than that of the adult worms. Moreover, the mechanism/s behind it is not well understood. Thus to comment on the sensitivity and mechanism/s of arsenic at different developmental stages furthermore investigations are required.

In crystalline silicon solar cell module, the main losses of power due to reflectance of photon from the module glass surface. Generally it’s reflecting 8% to 9% of photon which affected the overall solar cell efficiency. So our endeavor is develop economically low cost anti reflection coating on glass substrate and reduce the reflection losses or improves the transmittance of solar module glass subtract. After chemical treatment and environment impact overall achieved approximate 2% -3% increment of transmittance of solar module glass substrate.

Steryl glucosides are a complex class of glycolipds, which in recent times, has gained importance due to their significant roles in modulating the immune system. Therefore, a much emphasis has been put towards their accurate identification and quantification in laboratory settings. In the present study, we have compared the thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry techniques, the two most commonly used methods employed in analysis of sterols and sterol derivatives. Our data clearly shows that while gas chromatography – mass spectrometry is a better technique to analyze steryl glucosides, thin layer chromatography does provide sufficient information that may be useful in comparative studies. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques in their ability to analyze steryl glucosides have been experimentally demonstrated.

Toxic effect of ultra violet radiation-B and cadmium stress was examined on the Anabaena sp. PCC7120, a diazotrophic cyanobacterium, with respect to growth behavior, pigment composition(chlorophyll, carotenoid, phycocyanin), physiological parameter(PSI, PSII, respiration, whole chain, ATP, NADPH), enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants(catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, GSH, thiol content), peroxide production, lipid peroxidation, phytochelatin content and transcript analysis. Cadmium, a non-redox active metal having ranked 7 (out of 275) in the priority list of hazardous metal, produced more prominent effect on the energy state, GSH, phytochelatin and total thiol content in the organism. Ultra violet radiation-B was found to increase 1.6-fold in carotenoid, 4.3-fold in TBARS content and 1.95-fold in peroxide production more significantly than cadmium while 1.53- fold decline in chlorophyll and 2.85-fold in phycocyanin pigments was observed in it. Enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase registered a maximum increase1.48-fold and 1.62-fold in ultra violet radiation-B as compared to cadmium while ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were found to be highest 1.89-fold and 1.35-fold respectively in response to cadmium. Enzymatic activity was further validated by transcript analysis.